Sometimes, the best ideas for future policies emerge not from offices, but from the field. While working on Project 18 of the Holistic Agriculture Development Programme (HADP), titled “Minimisation of Pesticide Use in Agriculture,” we developed cluster-based high-density apple orchard models in different districts of Kashmir. Initially, very few growers were willing to establish such model orchards because of various apprehensions.
Today, however, the situation is changing. At the cluster orchard at Junglnad, Pulwama, 58 growers have established orchards with nearly 80% reduction in agrochemical and labour use. Growers visiting these orchards are no longer merely curious; many are now asking, “Can we also develop orchards like this?” This change in attitude is significant. It shows that Kashmir’s growers are ready to embrace change and that modern, high-density and mechanised orcharding is gradually becoming part of mainstream horticultural thinking.
Under HADP-18, our mandate was primarily limited to establishing one model orchard in each district for demonstration. That objective has largely been achieved. The next question is: How do we take this experience beyond demonstration and make it part of mainstream orchard development? If Kashmir’s horticulture is to remain competitive in domestic as well as international markets, we must begin preparing for the next generation of orchard systems. In our view, the next major step should be mechanised cluster orcharding.
HDP Orcharding Has Laid the Foundation
The High-Density Planting (HDP) initiative of the Department of Horticulture, Govt. of Jammu & Kashmir has played an important role in changing the traditional mindset towards apple cultivation. A concept once unfamiliar to many growers is now widely recognised and increasingly adopted.
Many growers, particularly in South Kashmir, are establishing HDP orchards using their own resources. This clearly indicates that HDP has been substantially popularised. The next challenge, therefore, should not simply be to provide the financial support to a few more people. Rather, we should focus on making it more efficient, economical, mechanised and accessible to small and marginal growers. This is where cluster orcharding can provide a new direction.
Why Cluster Orcharding?
Kashmir’s horticulture is characterised by a large number of small and marginal growers. Collectively, they contribute enormously to the horticultural economy, but individually their holdings often do not provide the scale required for efficient mechanisation, irrigation infrastructure, storage, transportation, processing or organised marketing. A small grower may establish an HDP orchard, but purchasing expensive machinery or establishing infrastructure for a small holding may not always be economically feasible. If several growers come together and plan their orchards collectively, however, they can create the scale required to make modern technology economically viable.
The Government should therefore consider introducing a dedicated Cluster High-Density Orchard Scheme, under which, for example, at least five growers could jointly apply for development of a minimum 20 kanals of land as a cluster orchard, particularly for apple. The number of eligible growers could increase with the increase in land area. Importantly, land ownership would remain with individual growers. What would change is the approach to orchard planning, mechanisation and management. In simple terms, growers would retain ownership of their land while gaining the economic strength of collective scale.
Designing the Orchard for the Machine
If we are serious about the future of horticulture, mechanisation cannot be introduced as an afterthought. The orchard itself must be designed from the beginning to accommodate machinery. Cluster orchards should therefore be scientifically planned with adequate movement and turning spaces for automated and mechanised equipment. Wherever terrain permits, 8–12 feet of turning space could be incorporated into orchard design to facilitate automated sprayers and other machinery.
The principle should be simple: we should not design tomorrow’s orchards according to yesterday’s technology. We need to prepare orchards today that can accommodate the machines of tomorrow. The Government should accordingly consider additional financial assistance or subsidy for automated sprayers, tractors, shredders, weed-management equipment and other suitable orchard machinery for cluster groups. Such support would make mechanisation accessible to small growers while encouraging machine-friendly orchard design.
Mechanisation: Less Labour, Lower Costs and Safer Orchards
The importance of mechanisation goes far beyond convenience. Orchard operations, particularly plant protection, are labour-intensive and increasingly expensive when labour availability is limited. Properly designed mechanised orchards can reduce dependence on manual labour, improve operational efficiency and potentially reduce input costs. Automated and precision-based spraying systems can also improve the efficiency of plant-protection applications, creating an opportunity to reduce unnecessary agrochemical use.
At the same time, reducing workers’ direct exposure to pesticides can contribute to safer working conditions and a healthier orchard environment. Mechanisation should therefore not be viewed simply as a replacement for labour. It should be seen as a tool for efficiency, worker safety, resource conservation and sustainable horticultural production.
Making Horticulture Attractive to the Young
One of the most important long-term benefits of mechanised cluster orcharding could be its ability to make horticulture more attractive to the younger generation. We cannot expect educated youth to remain enthusiastic about an agricultural system that depends heavily on physically demanding manual operations.
A technologically advanced orchard presents an entirely different picture. Imagine an orchard where spraying is mechanised, irrigation and fertigation are automated, crop monitoring is technology-driven, machinery performs much of the physically demanding work, and marketing and business decisions are handled collectively. This is smart horticulture. The horticulturist of the future need not necessarily be the person carrying a sprayer on his back. He can increasingly be the person operating technology, managing machinery, interpreting information, taking scientific decisions and running a modern horticultural enterprise.
From Orchard Production to Horticultural Enterprise
The real strength of clustering, however, lies beyond production. Once growers begin working collectively, they can undertake activities that individual small growers may find difficult to manage independently. A cluster can collectively explore the establishment of storage facilities, processing units, grading and packing infrastructure and transportation systems. It can develop collective marketing strategies and negotiate with buyers from a position of greater strength.
With sufficient production of uniform quality, clusters can even develop their own brands and establish a distinct market identity. Machinery can also be purchased and operated collectively, spreading investment and maintenance costs among participating growers. Thus, a cluster should not be viewed merely as a group of adjoining orchards. It should gradually evolve into a collective horticultural enterprise capable of handling production, post-harvest management, processing, branding and marketing.
Let the Landscape Become Machine-Friendly
Kashmir has diverse landscapes, and not every location will be equally suitable for mechanised orcharding. Steep slopes, fragmented holdings and difficult terrain can limit the use of machinery in certain areas. This practical reality must be recognised. However, it should not become a reason to avoid mechanisation wherever it is technically and economically feasible.
Future orchard development should increasingly encourage growers to make suitable landscapes machine-friendly. As growers see the economic and operational benefits of mechanised orchards around them, demand for machine-compatible orchard designs is likely to grow naturally. The model orchards developed under HADP are already demonstrating this changing mindset. When growers see technology working successfully in the field, they begin to demand it themselves.
The Government Needs to Think One Step Ahead
The Government has already taken an important step by promoting HDP. The increasing interest among growers and their willingness to invest their own resources in HDP orchards indicate that the initiative has made a significant impact. But when a technology becomes popular, policy must evolve with it. If HDP has been successfully introduced and popularised, the next government intervention should focus on making cluster-based HDP popular, accessible and economically viable.
A revised or additional scheme could provide incentives for growers who voluntarily come together to develop scientifically planned, mechanisation-friendly orchard clusters. The policy could also provide technical support for orchard layout, machinery movement, automated spraying, tractors and orchard machinery, weed management, irrigation and fertigation, anti-hail protection, storage, grading and packing, transportation and collective marketing. Such an approach would shift government support from simply encouraging orchard establishment towards building a complete, efficient and sustainable horticultural system.
A Vision for orchard landscape- 2047
Policy-making should not only address today’s problems; it must anticipate tomorrow’s realities. What will Kashmir’s horticulture look like ten or fifteen years from now? Will labour become more readily available or more expensive? Will young people be willing to undertake physically demanding orchard operations? Will individual growers have greater bargaining power, or will organised production become increasingly important? The direction is already visible.
Labour costs are increasing, technology is becoming more accessible, markets are becoming more organised, and consumers are demanding better quality and traceability. We therefore need to prepare today for the orchard of 2047, rather than continue designing orchards according to the requirements of the past. The future orchard should be productive, competitive, mechanised, resource-efficient, technology-driven and market-oriented.
A Collective Responsibility
The transition towards cluster orcharding cannot be achieved by the Government alone. The Government needs to create an enabling policy and financial framework. Extension agencies need to educate and train growers. Private industry needs to develop affordable machinery suited to Kashmir’s conditions. Growers need to come forward with a willingness to cooperate and think beyond individual boundaries.
This culture of putting boundaries around is not only dividing Kashmiri society; it is hurting the growers’ community even more by preventing collective thinking and action. The objective should not be to force growers into a collective system, but to create a system in which growers themselves recognise the economic advantages of working together. When the benefits become visible, clustering will gradually become a choice rather than an obligation.
The Time to Start Is Now
The experience of cluster-based model orchards developed under HADP-18 has given us an important lesson. What initially appeared to be a demonstration concept is now attracting genuine interest from growers. That interest should not remain confined to individual requests. It should become the basis for a broader policy discussion. HDP has laid the foundation; cluster orcharding can become the next major step.
The Government now has an opportunity to formulate a dedicated policy for cluster-based high-density horticulture. Such a policy can help marginal growers achieve scale, facilitate mechanisation, reduce labour dependence, improve input-use efficiency, create opportunities for collective storage and processing, strengthen marketing and branding, and make horticulture more attractive to the younger generation.
Conclusion and Recommendation
The Government should consider revising the existing HDP scheme or introducing a dedicated Cluster HDP Scheme to provide integrated financial assistance to clusters formed by multiple growers. Support should be linked to the total area of the cluster and should cover planting material, trellis systems, anti-hail nets, tractors, automated and precision spray machines, weed-management equipment, shredders, reefer vans, transportation, storage, grading and packing infrastructure and other essential mechanisation and post-harvest facilities. The objective should be to move from individual high-density orchards towards collective, mechanised, resource-efficient and market-oriented horticultural enterprises.
(Prof. Tariq Rasool Rather is Professor of Plant Pathology at the Ambri Apple Research Centre, Shopian, and Chairman of HADP-18, Minimisation of Pesticide Use in Agriculture. He is a well-known expert among Kashmir’s apple growers, with extensive field experience in modern apple production, plant protection and sustainable orchard management. And Prof. Nazir Ahmad Ganai is the Vice Chancellor of Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir (SKUAST-K), and a distinguished academic and agricultural scientist with extensive experience in agricultural education, research and development)
